Wednesday, November 16, 2016

Azul Barrientos Interview

1.       Can you tell me about your life in music? Please start as close to the beginning as possible. (Musical Activities you were involved with growing up) (The first time you played an instrument) (The lessons you took growing up) (Musical events that impacted you growing up)
Her family is very musical. Music education started in the womb parents are very musical sang traditional songs. Father played the guitar, mother sang. When she was 3 or 4 sent her to piano classes, began learning to read music do solfege (solfeo). This was her beginning she began with classical music. As time passed she began taking different classes in high school. In high school she entered the national school of music. She was doing both for a while. At that time Jazz music and blues is what she was really drawn to. The delta blues! She felt a strong connection to the sound of the guitar and the voice. She is still in love with Ella Fitz Gerald and the beautiful voices found in Jazz music. She attended a few jazz classes and big band classes and she was involved in singing for them. She says it was very interesting and beautiful. And then I guess my last impression or impact in music is when she was an adult and began singing mostly by herself trying to figure out what she wanted to do. She had already begun traveling to the states and get to know another culture and this is when she started to go back to the music that her parents listened to. Since then she fell in love with the connection that she found within that and she stayed there.
2.       What were some family musical activities that you remember?
I guess my father always kind of, if he was feeling good, my father didn’t drink right but he was always into the music whenever we had a family gathering, or he had friends over (sometimes they wouldn’t leave until the next day) and to me that was normal. It was a regular thing he would have musical friends over and they would play. They had concert recitals together it was another way of interacting. Sometimes they would go and watch music at different places where you could still listen to folkloric music. Her parents would take her to see those musicians, but most of her special musical experiences were at home.
3.       What is the first instrument that you received, or bought?
I think it was a guitar. She began getting interested in the guitar. Even though her father played, he never really taught her how to play. “It was more like I would watch him, and I liked it but I never really was interested. My only interest was singing. It wasn’t until I realized that I had to, somebody had to accompany me in order for me to sing so I realized that I can’t or I couldn’t at that time, or really you never can in life rely on someone as much as you can rely on yourself, so I started to teach myself how to play and when this really really dear friend of mine realized He gave me a guitar.
a.       Can you tell me about that experience?
She was about 24 or 25 years old
4.       At what age did you begin performing?
The first time she was on stage singing she was 14.
a.       Can you tell me about that experience?
It was actually kind of fun and funny because I was really into jazz and blues right so there are a couple of places in the south of Mexico City that had stages that would allow that kind of music. So one of them was the New Orleans Jazz club in San Angel, or something like that and they hired me to do like a weekly thing [performance] I can’t remember how many days or if it was just one, I can’t even remember but that was her first regular gig. That was interesting and it was funny because at that time I barely spoke English so to be singing in English was a little like a blind man. I didn’t even know what I was saying. So that was interesting. Before I guess I did little things with friends you know other musicians that would do jams or gigs (more laid back) or things like that but I was more drawn to the stage; The stage scenario versus just jamming. 
Learned to speak English? (Still in that process, I’m still learning I guess there was a period in my life that I was in Mexico City and I had a lot of friends that were from Scotland and I moved here in 2007 and I was by myself so I kind of had to learn. Interesting process for me to not just absorb the words but also the culture and what certain words mean and how one little thing can mean something so different in another context like in any language.)
5.       What were your favorite songs growing up?
There is a beautiful song that I still look back to with a lot of respect and I don’t know, I adore it its called Lullaby of Birdland https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UY8zK4R9oE8  and there is another one called Take the A Train. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ_4cRG8B1g in this particular version of it Ella Fitz Gerald does this marvelous solo, scatting, it blew my mind it was the first time that I had ever heard a voice doing that I had never really heard before that a voice being able to solo so to me that was like it blew my mind I was like 10 or 11 I think.
6.       What artists did you grow up listening to, and what impact do you think they had on your style?
It’s really interesting I was very lucky I think because I am the seventh child of a big family. I am not only the seventh child but between my 6 brothers and sisters there is almost 10 years of difference. My older sister she’s 20 years older than me and among them there are like 2 years apart so they are really from, almost from another generation, and so are my parents they’re really much older than the regular parents my age, so I had almost like my grandparents and great grandparents music through my parents that’s how the folkloric vein kind of came and then my sister and my brother like my big sister and brother they listened to 70s music 60s music and my brother that is next to me the one that is almost 10 years older than me he’s the one that introduced me to from Metallica, to The Police, Rolling Stones, to Pink Floyd. I don’t know I listened to a lot of music growing up and I was very avid to listen to different things so my brothers and sisters they all kind of pitched in to oh you have to listen to this and there I was listening to so many different genres. (3 girls, 4 boys) [Impact?] oh I think it’s huge I think that it gave a bigger library to go from if that makes any sense, or to grab from. I think it gave me a better understanding of the beauty of music without making any judgments and it gave me a bigger understanding of what I like because I really did listen to a lot of music growing up so as I was growing too my taste in music became more defined and my music taste became more tasteful for me. I’m not saying my taste is tasteful it’s just for me it became more appropriate. 
7.       At what age did you know that you wanted to be a professional musician?
I don’t know, I never really saw it as having to choose until I really finished high school that’s pretty much when I had to choose and I still decided to do both (have a career?) it was very difficult to do both. So I don’t know I think I’ve just been a singer since I was probably like I think that time when I listened to Ella Fitz Gerald doing that beautiful solo is when I chose, like 10 or 11. I never really second guessed how it was going to work out, of course when my family kind of made me realize that I had to choose a career so I could really become and do something with it, it was different, but I think at around 10 or 11 I knew that I was going to be a singer.
8.       How do you learn your music? (Just by listening, finding the music score?)
I never (look at the music scores) unfortunately I didn’t practice it enough to now make it part of my… I mean I can always go there but it takes me, It’s faster for me to listen to the song a couple of times learn it and then start playing, it’s just my faster way of learning a song is like that listening two or three times and see how close and learning it also with the chords that I can play in guitar or jarana and then just starting to make my version of it and see how close, if I like it and of course I always record myself when I am learning a song so that I can see if I like it.
9.       What are some characteristics or qualities that you like to include in your music? What type of sound do you try to evoke and project? (What aspects do you like to hear in your music?)
I think it’s always the acoustic sound the acoustic sound comes natural to me I am kind of more drawn to that. And also I think that I try to be the bridge for the song instead of choosing the song that I like best, the song that I can be the bridge for in the best way. In other words like, what song can I do that I would actually make it the best that the song can be? So I guess it’s an honest to the song sound. I want the song to be… and I want people to connect to the song through me and through the musicians that play with me but more it’s about the song.
a.       Instruments you like to include in your band- Right now I really like the sound of the quartet that we have so the opera bass- I’ve always been in love with the sound of the opera bass and how well it blends with the voice and the guitar. I love the piano and right now I have been playing around a lot with George Prado and Adam Prado, so that sound is really beautiful and percussions I really… everything kind of comes out more if the percussions are there cajon or congas it’s really beautiful to have that sound. I also like to have a harp sometimes or another guitar for the rancheras. I’m working on the show for next year that’ll have two guitars and one or maybe two voices that is the very traditional ranchera sound.
10.   What are some of your favorite genres to perform & why?
I think my most favorite is definitely rancheras. Just because it’s so simple it’s kind of like the blues you know it’s so direct to the soul like from the song to the soul to the soul it doesn’t have it, anything in between I think, so I like that rawness. I like tangos, I like tangos a lot because they are so elegant and at the same time they don’t lose out the… I guess it’s still very emotional. And I like, I like boleros they’re more elegant not as emotional but they are very beautiful too. Of course I like anything world music I love gypsy music I love Brazilian music, I love pado there are different things that I absolutely love.
11.   What are some of your favorite songs to perform & why?
It depends it’s like how you choose different music to be your favorite and then you get tired of it and then something else comes along and that’s your favorite music. At this moment I guess I’m recording an album so I think the songs that are in that album are right now my favorite songs there’s a tango called, “La ultima Copa” that I am fascinated by it. There’s a song by Jose Alfredo Jimenez called “Corazon” that’s another one that I am just drawn an fascinated by too. There’s a couple of songs that I wrote that are kind of coming back to me, you know how it is you write something or you do something and you like it and then you get tired of it and forget about it and now that I’m bringing it back I kind of like it again.
12.   What message are you looking to send with your music?
That’s an interesting question especially during times like this. I think there are three things that I am trying to say when I am on stage. one is for the culture to kind of thrive (sustainability) for all of us that see themselves in me to thrive and remember that we are royal and beautiful and you know culturally royal that’s what I mean and of course to the little girls to know that there are roles over them the ones that they see on TV they are beautiful too. I think the second one is of resistance that we are where we are because we have been here for many many many many many years. And lastly as a woman I think it’s also important for me to send a message of love and unity.
Why did you choose Mexican Folk music? I think it started out of nostalgia just listening to the music, but it kind of once I started you know how it is like you’re listening to something and then you try to play it and something connects in you and it kind of stays, it kind of chooses you rather than me choosing it, you know you’re just kind of messing with it but to I feel like it chose me and I kind of blossomed within.
13.   What environment do you try to create in your concerts?
I think a listening environment for sure I use to play, at some points in my life I have played at rowdy bars or just drunken cantina feel and I loved it but now I think that I try to connect yo know and not only me connecting with the public or the audience but also vise versa. Going back to that connection, recognition and reflecting back what they are because at the end of the day the people that come to listen to the music that we present or that I present see kind of a reflection of themselves in the music even if they aren’t Mexican they don’t have to even understand what I am saying but they feel drawn I think to this environment of I think peace 
a.       Can you describe one of your favorite concert experiences?
I guess there are moments you know there are moments always on stage when everything clicks and you feel like the song is going well the musicians we are all connected the audience is engaged it’s almost like we are all holding hands with our eyes closed not only on stage but also with the audience and it’s to me it’s a very powerful sort of feeling you know when you know that everything is clicking and everything is sounding perfectly.
14.   Besides public concerts, when do you perform?
I kind of changed, when I was younger I did I did anything and everything and I was more outgoing and up for anything and I think lately I’ve been trying to just limit a little bit of what I do because it’s to me it’s such a beautiful moment to share that I just try to do it more when everything is right. I guess sometimes I play at home without having to, usually when I play it’s because I am rehearsing for something but sometimes I do just you know sit with a drum and start singing or start playing with my jarana, my guitar. And I’ve been meaning to do something else just being on stage at night some sort of something else I have done a celebration circle or sometimes at festivals I don’t know I think that I have been so focused right now on the album that we’re trying to finish this record before the end of the year so that has kind of been my focus just do the shows that I have my monthly Noche Azul and focus on the record otherwise I get too (busy)…and also I also work I’m a massage therapist too so I kind of try to be focused.
When is your album expected to come out? Started recording in February and moved the date a couple of times just because we want the best sound we can get so I’m not sure I think probably by the spring, no later than that. 
15.   How do you pick the songs that you are going to perform?
Pretty much the same way that…I think once you, you know how it is once you are…you sing a song you learn a song you sing it within your living room at home you’re rehearsing it and then the song completely and absolutely changes once you’re on stage. And I think that’s a really good moment to realize what songs work in the sense that the song is actually good for my range, I connect emotionally and spiritually to it and I’m a good source…I’m a good bridge for it too. So I think once all of those things are met that’s how I choose the song.   
16.   Why did you choose to stay at Esperanza Peace and justice Center?
I think it’s been a very interesting journey we started with Noche Azul out of…I came up with the idea going through different moments of history not only of Mexico, but of Latin American history and other worldly moments that have been so important for the history of music or the history of that country or the history in general. And I wanted to do it…I mean I know how much it resonates with me history when it’s connected to music and I realize that I am not the only one so I came up with this way of kind of reintroducing different things and it has evolved or changed and moved in so many ways now that I think that I decided to just follow that movement and to stay to see what was going to happen with it and how it was going to evolve and I think that I am still there.
17.   Can you play any other instruments besides the jarana and the guitar?
18.   I was looking through some of the interviews that you have online, and I noticed that you mentioned a dancer from Veracruz, and the jarana you play has its origins in Veracruz, is your family from that area of Mexico?
No so actually my dad, he was a really interesting man he was always in love with the culture from Veracruz and me growing up he always said that he was from Veracruz and it wasn’t until not too long ago that my mom told me you know that he was just saying that because he loved it right he’s not from there, and I was just like really how come nobody told me that so he had a really really deep love for the music and the culture and he was friends with a lot of musicians that were amazing harp players, jarana players, singers from Veracruz and we were always surrounded by them as well so I just kind of thought, well I was a child I don’t know what I thought, but no my father his side is from Tlatzcala and my mom’s side is from Jalisco.
19.   I also noticed that you enjoy mentioning the history behind some of the songs that you are going to perform,
a.       How do you learn the history behind these songs and genres?
For me it’s a long process it’s…I go to depending on the theme. There are themes that are so much more complex and difficult than others and others so clear, like for example Frida Khalo no, the history of Frida Khalo is so well known to most Latinos and to most people that are already interested in her that it’s easier to just pick and choose the good documentaries or the good sources that we all know that exist. There are some others that I go to that we know in Mexico that are not part of the regular schools history program they’re more of the other opinions kind of… valued opinions, so I usually go…if I don’t know what I am doing I kind of go to trust the sources of history there have been many historians in Mexico that I really really trust and they have beautiful, usually for example for Juana I chose to go with books that were written about her by Carlos Fuentes or by Motziby. I go to the very educated opinion about things.
Multiple themes in mind?
I have interests exactly and depending on what I find how I can kind of connect it and what music I can connect it to they become one of the themes. If I don’t find anything or I am kind of stuck them we go to a more general theme and it kind of goes like that and it’s been a very honest way of doing it you know it doesn’t feel forced.
b.      What is your favorite part of Mexican music history?
I think there is a very interesting part where, I mean it’s kind of sad too but its also interesting. I guess there are two musically what came out of that moment musically and then just interesting because so much came out of it. I mean love some of the songs but it’s not absolutely the songs that I connect to that it’s just a really interesting part of Mexican music the one I’m talking about is when the golden cinema started to rise in Mexico and sort of like this plan to create or recreate this Mexico not only on the screen but also in song so these movies and songs were written to kind of bring out the best of mexico and bring out this picturesque beautiful folkloric part of Mexico when the reality was something else and was not really portrayed, the poverty all the real things were not portrayed but some of those songs were really beautiful and it kind of continued to recreate itself and these producing hands behind the media were in charge of sort of molding some of the genres you know they were in charge of who was going to be the next voice of Mexican music so that’s how Lara came into the picture and all of these musicians that absolutely…the music is so beautiful yes but none of it is really socially relevant. It’s all about love, it’s all about how pretty you are or how broken hearted I am it doesn’t really speak about the condition of the country where as in the revolution which is just another one of my favorite moments you hear a lot of corridos, a lot of rancheras where the song is actually sang by the protagonist the person who is really going through…they just had to leave their pueblito because you know they were taken out by the revolution or they honestly don’t have anything to eat and the only thing they have is a song to sing or missing their home and having to work for somebody else and the pain of being by themselves in that part of Mexico, or usually they all went to Mexico city or a lot of them went to Mexico city so the pain of being in this huge city not even knowing who you are, what happened to your family, or what’s happening really because they were in the middle of preparing for a revolution so that’s I guess my both kind of favorite moments. 
20.   You have different themed events each month at the Esperanza Peace and Justice Center, what have been some of your favorite themes to discuss?
Maria Felix has been one of my most favorite, Frida Khalo is always a pleasure to visit, gypsy romani people have been really beautiful to honor sing some of those beautiful songs. Tangos have been beautiful. Those are probably… of course there is a theme that there was a concert once that music wise I really really liked and it was called something like Indigenous songs from Mexico or something like that. It wasn’t as popular you know but in my mind it was really pretty.
Song at UIW (La llorona in Zapoteco)
21.   How many songs have you composed, and what aspects do you like to include in your own songs? When we discussed sound characteristics do you try to do the same thing for your own songs? 
I don’t know how many songs I don’t think I’ve ever counted them probably more than thirty a lot of them don’t make it even out of my comfort zone some of them do in different genres depending on what I am doing of course. What I am doing with the song or what I’m kind of thinking to do the song with. I co-wrote a song that has a lot of legend feel and old feel and also a sort of evoking of love but not really like in a nostalgic kind of way that’s one of the ones that I really like. There are some others that have elements of South America like even kind of like a Peruvian sound I guess it depends, it depends what I am listening to it kind of comes out that way. There’s a song that I wrote that it sounds kind of gypsyish and it was at the time that I was listening to a lot of gypsy music so it depends I think.
a.       What genre would you classify your own songs under?
World Music
22.   What are some of your favorite local musicians and why?
I think I like Nina Diaz, Fea, Girl in a Coma, Alvaro with whatever project he’s working on either with Los Callejeros or with Pinata Protest. I really like, I love Sacred. I love pop pistol too. The TEx maniacs, who doesn’t adore them. Um Flaco he’s more of an international instead of local but I still kind of put him in the local scene. There’s so many I love them all and I like them all and that’s just in the one part in the jazz part I love what Aaron Prado is doing with his trio, I love ben and joel cachi I don’t know I am pretty much in love with everything that is kind of just happening in general.
What are you listening to right now, what are some of your favorite artists that you regularly listen too?

There is a guy that I am absolutely in love with Astrid he is the most beautiful I mean I don’t know I haven’t even seen a photo of him because I don’t ever want to ruin that so quickly but just listening to this voice and the sound that he creates to me is amazing his name is he is a sado singer, interesting because most have been women it’s interesting to hear this beautiful man doing beautiful… Antonio Zambujo that’s his name. He’s Amazing!

He tenido tanto miedo, Creative Response

He tenido tanto miedo, De poder vivir mis sueños
Y de poder partir
De mis dudas y defectos, Y de ver mis talentos
Y de dar más de mí
Mi vida es un correr, De ver sin poder ver
Lo que es estar
En el momento con mi gente, Sin la perdura de mi mente
Quitándome la paz

Hay mujer, mujer
Como quisiera ser, alguien que confía 
Y que disfruta la vida
Que tenga paz, y valentía

Gente de muchas edades, Me dieron oportunidades
Que no he valorado
Estudiar es un honor, y tocar me da un fervor
En el corazón
La vida es un correr de ver y aprender
Lo que más puedes
Dejando tu esfuerzo, poder vivir con eso,
Para poder crecer

Translation: 
I have been so scared, of living out my dreams
And being able to part with
My doubts and my shortcomings, and seeing my talents
And giving more of myself
My life is one big run, of seeing without being able to see
What it’s like to be
In the moment with my people, without the stubbornness of my mind
taking away my peace
Oh woman, oh woman
How I wish I could be someone that trusts
And enjoys life
And has peace and courage

People of many ages, gave me opportunities
That I haven’t valued
Studying is an honor, and playing gives me an enthusiasm
In my heart
Life is a run, full of seeing and learning
As much as you can
Leaving your effort, being able to live with it
In order to grow


I decided that for my creative response I would write a song. This song is a ranchera that I wrote in the spirit of my interaction with Azul Barrientos. I wrote it in response to this project because ranchera music was one of my topics and it is such a big part of the Mexican folk music culture. During my interview with Azul Barrientos I asked her what one of her favorite music genres to perform is and she said it was rancheras because they are very emotional and directly connected to the soul. I felt impelled to share in this culture that I have been surrounded by all my life and I took this opportunity, in the nature of the ranchera, to elaborate on some of the feelings that I have been experiencing at this stage of my life. My interaction with Mrs. Barrientos and the freedom of the genre helped me in this endeavor. I was inspired by her life, and this is my response to that. 

Here is a link to the song: https://youtu.be/QqAbBPmM0CQ 

Azul Barrientos and Mexican Folk Music

Mexican Folk music is a genre that I never really thought about growing up. I grew up surrounded by rancheras, boleros, corridos and many other forms of Mexican folk music but it wasn’t something I really payed much attention to. Azul Barrientos helped foster my interest and assisted in navigating me through the beauty of my culture. Azul Barrientos is an incredibly talented Mexican musician. She was born in Mexico City, Mexico but now lives here is San Antonio, Texas. She is known primarily for singing traditional Mexican folk music. I first saw Mrs. Barrientos at The University of the Incarnate Word. She was performing in the new concert hall during a special water themed event that preceded the Noh play that was soon to be featured at UIW. She came out in a beautiful vestido folclórico. Her hair was done up in a ribbon similar to the way Frida Kahlo was known to wear her hair. She came out with her guitar and her jarana and just accompanied herself. I remember that her voice filled the room. Her voice was warm, powerful, and sultry. I decided that for this project I would look at the songs “Tu recuerdo y yo” which is a ranchera written by Jose Alfredo Jimenez, and “Obsesion” which is a bolero written by Pedro Flores. I chose these songs because I feel that they represent two big aspects the culture that she is sharing and I really enjoy the way she presents these songs. Both of these songs can be found on her soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/azulbarrientos
1)         Many of the questions I asked Mrs. Barrientos revealed the deep rooted ideas of music that she has. I asked her one question in particular, “What message are you looking to send with your music?”  Her response was: “That’s an interesting question especially during times like this. I think there are three things that I am trying to say when I am on stage. One is for the culture to kind of thrive (sustainability) for all of us that see themselves in me to thrive and remember that we are royal and beautiful and, you know culturally royal that’s what I mean, and of course for the little girls to know that they are beautiful too. I think the second one is of resistance that we are where we are because we have been here for many many many many years. And lastly as a woman I think it’s also important for me to send a message of love and unity.” The response to this question demonstrated to me that she believes music is powerful force. It is useful for humankind in many ways. It can sustain cultures, give people worth, endure through the ages, and unite people. Another question that revealed a lot regarding her beliefs in music was the question, “Why did you choose Mexican Folk music?” “I think it started out of nostalgia just listening to the music, but once I started you know how it is like you’re listening to something and then you try to play it and something connects in you and it kind of stays. It kind of chooses you rather than me choosing it, you know you’re just kind of messing with it but I feel like it chose me and I kind of blossomed within [it].” This response echoed the ideas and the voices heard in the Africa chapter in Worlds of Music; The belief that music has the power to call and choose people.
Aesthetics of music
I love Azul’s voice. She has richness to her voice that is soothing and makes boleros like “Obsesion” which already have a sultry aspect to them even more so. She also mentioned that she enjoys hearing an acoustic sound in her songs. I feel like that expresses itself in the relaxed and honest sound that she emits in most of the songs I have heard her perform. I noticed that the warmness of sound expressed itself even further during the instrumental section of “Obsesion”. The solo was being played on what sounds like a bass or the bass strings of a guitar. She adds the same richness to her rancheras.
Contexts for Music
I understood more about the contexts for music in her life when I asked her to tell me about her life in music. “My family is very musical. Music education started in the womb. My parents are very musical they sang traditional songs… When I was 3 or 4 they sent me to piano classes, this is where I began learning to read music and do solfege (solfeo).” This was her beginning she began with classical music. As time passed she began taking different classes in high school. In high school she entered the national school of music. She also told me about her father. “It was a regular thing [My father] would have musical friends over and they would play.” Sometimes her family would go and watch music at different places where you could still listen to folkloric music. Her parents would take her to see those musicians, but most of her special musical experiences were at home. These stories express that music in her life was fluid. It was seen everywhere; in school, at home, with friends of the family. Music was something intimate that her family did together and it was also something that she purses and has performed in a professional context for many years.
History of Music
Folk music can be a bit of an ambiguous term. I understood it as music that a lot of people in an area grow up listening to and enjoying, but A History of Western Music defines it as a type of popular music that drew on folk traditions, which included both genuine folk songs and popular songs. European influence had a big impact on Mexican music. There was of course the time before the Spanish conquest, and music did play a big role in the lives of the regional tribes, but both of the genres I will be discussing drew influence primarily from European encounters. A lot of the folk music in Mexico has this in common. Initially these encounters were centered around Spanish missionaries trying to enculturate the indigenous population with the Roman Catholic way of thinking using music (the colonial period (1521-1810). In the Independence period (1810-1910) a lot of European music was influencing Mexico. Since Spain was out of the picture more emphasis was placed on secular music. Then during the twentieth century (after 1910) there was a post-revolutionary period this was characterized by a big emphasis (by the government) to go back to the roots of Mexican music, although in reality music had already been influenced by European forces greatly so it wasn’t really authentic. Media became big during this time, and this is when both genres I will be discussing really became popular. The film industry also had a big influence on making certain types of national music popular.
Boleros were originally a popular Spanish dance or song. The name could have come from the word volar which means to fly or from the gypsy women that probably first danced the songs. They were known as boleras because of the little gold balls found on their dresses. The original was in triple meter. It was usually performed by one couple although it could be performed by up to 8 couples. The dancers usually accompany themselves by singing, but they even did it on the guitar and tambourine.
The boleros that gained traction in Latin America are the ones that originated in Cuba. It is a binary song that is in duple meter. It is a dance that has connections to the habanera and Afro-Cuban musical styles. It was originally sung by two voices either in thirds or sixths. It became popular in Mexico through the use of mass media. It was especially popular in trios. I found a video that demonstrated this style on youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sthX45uZqc4
Rancheras or country songs are a Mexican song and dance tradition. It developed from the Spanish Cancion. This music is usually in simple duple or triple meter. The chord progressions are pretty standard. The chords used tend to be the I, IV, and V. This genre seems to be influenced by Italian Opera. The style that many people use to sing this genre is a bel canto opera. The voices are expected to be passionate, direct and fluid. This emphasizes the impact that Europe had on Mexican style music. The independence period is when this genre is thought to have been created because of the strains of Italian Opera, the influence of European romanticism, and the rise of the middle class that occurred during this time. The ranchera became popular when people began migrating to the urban areas of Mexico after the revolution.  Media and the popularity of folk groups that perform this type of song, like the mariachi helped to spread its sound.
2) Repertories of Music
Style
The bolero “Obsesion” is in a slow duple meter. The song is in binary form. And Azul Barrientos plays it in G minor. She sings all of the lyrics the first time she goes through it, but the second time in place of the second verse she includes an instrumental solo. She arpeggiates the chords in certain parts which adds to the overall mysterious feel of the song. At the end of certain phrases there is a harmonization that seems to be drawing on the tradition of duets and trios that formed part of the boleros past. 

The ranchera “Tu recuerdo y yo” begins in a slow duple meter, but she speeds it up and switches it to a triple meter waltz long-short-short rhythm in the second verse and stays there for the rest of the song. This song is performed in G# Major and the entire thing is played on the I-IV-V chords. It is very typical of what a ranchera sounds like. It is simple just a woman and her guitar. I asked her in the interview what was one of her favorite genres to play and her response reflected just that "I think my most favorite is definitely rancheras. Just because it’s so simple it’s kind of like the blues you know it’s so direct to the soul like from the song to the soul to the soul it doesn’t have, anything in between I think, so I like that rawness." 
Genres
The two genres of the songs I focused on for Azul Barrientos is the bolero and the ranchera. The general characteristics of these genres can be found under history.
Texts
Boleros are known as love songs. Obsesión is no exception. The language spoken is Spanish and the translation would be:
No matter how high the sky is in the world, how deep the sea is,
There’s no barrier in the world, that my profound love will not break for you.
Love is the bread of life, love is the divine drink, love is something without a name, that makes a man obsessed for a woman.
I am obsessed with you, and the world is a witness of my frenzy, even if destiny is opposed, you will be mine.
Por alto esté el cielo en el mundo, por hondo que es el mar profundo,
no habrá una barrera en el mundo, que mi amor profundo, no rompa por ti.

Amor es el pan de la vida, amor es la copa divina, amor es un algo sin nombre, que obsesiona al hombre, por una mujer.

Yo vivo obsesionado contigo, y el mundo es testigo de mi frenesí, por más que se oponga el destino, serás para mí, para mi. 
In the history of boleros that I looked into the authors mentioned that Agustin Lara had a big effect on the creation of boleros. He is the one that began the emphasis on lovelorn lyrics. I feel like this description fits the song pretty well. The man singing is clearly in love with this woman, but there is a sense of desperation especially near the end when he says, “you will be mine.” It seems like this woman isn’t that interested and his love driven obsession is driving him mad.
The ranchera usually deals with themes of love and drinking. They are commonly found together like in the ranchera I worked on. But there are other common themes like pride in your hometown and nostalgia. The language once again is Spanish.
Estoy en el rincón de una cantina, oyendo una canción que yo pedí, me están sirviendo ahorita mi tequila, ya va mi pensamiento rumbo a ti.

Yo sé que tu recuerdo es, mi desgracia, y vengo aquí nomás pa recordar, que amarga son las cosas que nos pasan, cuando hay un corazón que paga mal.

Quien no sabe en esta vida la traición, tan conocida, que nos deja un mal amor.

Quien no llega a la cantina, exigiendo su tequila y exigiendo su canción, me están sirviendo ya la del estribo, ahorita ya no sé si tengo fe.

Ahorita solamente, yo les pido que toquen otra vez la que se fue. 
Translation:
I’m in the corner of a bar, listening to the song that I requested, they’re serving me my tequila, and my thoughts are headed in your direction.
I know that your memory is my misfortune, and I come here just to remember, how bitter the things are that happen to us, when there is a heart that pays badly.
Who in this world doesn’t know betrayal, so familiar, that leaves us with a bad love.
Who doesn’t come to the bar, demanding their tequila and demanding their song, they are already serving me the stirrup (or the one for support), right now I’m not sure if I have faith.
Right now all I ask is that you play again “la que se fue” (the woman that left)

The man in this song is just lamenting the loss of a love. There is clearly an emphasis placed on alcohol for the mending of a broken heart, or a type of numbing. The lyrics place a lot of blame on the other party. There is still a clear love for the woman, but the passionate pain reflected could be leaning more towards a hate.
Composition
In the modern folk tradition it is common for there to be one composer for many big songs. Composers are very well known in Mexico. They gain a lot of fame not only for the songs they sing themselves, but it is usually well-known when they compose the song of another big artist.
Pedro Flores is the composer that wrote Obsesión. He is from Puerto Rico. He was a bandleader, composer, and teacher. He didn’t have much musical experience, but his boleros spoke to many working class Latin Americans because they depicted ordinary life.
Jose Alfredo Jimenez is the man that composed “Tu recuerdo y yo” along with about 400 other songs, most of which were rancheras. According to all of the sources I looked at he is the greatest and most influential ranchera composer in history. Many of his songs deal with a destructive love and alcohol use. He died of cirrhosis of the liver. 
Transmission
I asked Azul Barrientos about how she learns her music. When she was younger she took piano lessons. She was taught to read music and solfedge. She said that she could go there if it was necessary but she said, “It’s faster for me to listen to the song a couple of times learn it and then start playing… with the chords that I can play on the guitar or jarana and then just starting to make my version of it and see how close I can get, and if I like it. I always record myself when I am learning a song so that I can see if I like it.” This demonstrates that she uses the oral tradition of leaning new music, but she also heavily incorporates technology to facilitate the effort it takes to orally learn a song.
Movement
 Both of the songs that I discussed aren't typically danced to. They are usually performed in a listening or in the case of the ranchera a bar environment. 
3) Material culture of music
The material culture involved with her type of music is definitely a guitar. I asked her a question about when she had received her first instrument and the response I received reveled some of her ideas regarding material culture.  She began with, “I think it was a guitar.” She began getting interested in the guitar. Even though her father played, he never really taught her how to play. “It was more like I would watch him, and I liked it but I never really was interested. My only interest was singing. It wasn’t until I realized that I had to… somebody had to accompany me in order for me to sing so I realized that I can’t or I couldn’t at that time… or really you never can in life rely on someone as much as you can rely on yourself, so I started to teach myself how to play and when this really really dear friend of mine realized this he gave me a guitar.” This showed me that in her music the material culture mainly serves as support for the singing. She learned to play the guitar out of a need to find an accompaniment. I also know that the jarana is a big part of the material culture of her music. The jarana is a regional guitar. The name comes from the word “merrymaking”. It is traditionaly only used for rhythm and chords. 
4) Sustainability of Music

I feel like the effort that Mrs. Barrientos is putting into her work in order to keep the culture alive is pretty extensive. She is currently recording an album that will feature a lot of traditional Mexican music and some of her own world music. Efforts like this keep this music culture relevant. Her post as resident musician for The Esperanza Peace and Justice Center has given her a great opportunity for sustainability that I feel she has taken full advantage of. Every month she has a performance based off of different themes relating to Latin American history. For our interview I asked “Why did you choose to stay at Esperanza Peace and justice Center?” Her response was: “I think it’s been a very interesting journey we started with Noche Azul out of…I came up with the idea going through different moments of history not only of Mexico, but of Latin American history and other worldly moments that have been so important for the history of music or the history of that country or the history in general. And I wanted to do it…I mean I know how much it resonates with me, history when it’s connected to music and I realize that I am not the only one so I came up with this way of reintroducing different things and it has evolved or changed and moved in so many ways now that I think that I decided to just follow that movement and to stay to see what was going to happen with it and how it was going to evolve and I think that I am still there.” In this short excerpt we find that she is making an effort  to present music in a historical context in order to enrich the meaning behind these songs and hopefully develop a deep respect for the music and the culture for people within the culture but also outside of the culture. 

                                                                   References
Sheehy, Daniel E. "Mexico." In The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music, edited by Dale A. Olsen & Daniel E. Sheehy, p. 181-207. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 2008

Sheehy, Daniel E. "Popular Mexican Musical Traditions" In Music in Latin American Culture,     edited by John M. Schechter, p. 71-72. New York, NY: Schirmer Books, 1999

Tition, Jeff Todd. Worlds of Music. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2015

Burkholder, J. Peter, and Grout, Donald Jay, and Palisca, Claude V. A History of Western Music, 9th edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.

Brenda M. Romero, "Ranchera music.", Oxford Music Online, Jan. 31, 2014. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2257176?q=ranchera&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit 

"Jiménez, José Alfredo.", Oxford Music Online, July 4, 2006. 
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/epm/13863?q=ranchera&search=quick&pos=25&_start=1#firsthit 

Daniel Party, "Bolero", Oxford Music Online, Oct. 16, 2013. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2248419?q=bolero&search=quick&pos=2&_start=1#firsthit 

Willi Kahl and Israel J. Katz., "Bolero.", Oxford Music Online, 2007-2016. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/03444?q=bolero&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit 

Lise Waxer., "Flores, Pedro.", Oxford Music Online, 2007-2016. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/49878?q=Pedro+Flores&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit 

Jeff Todd Titon, "Sustainability" Sustainable Music, September 2, 2010- Oct. 31, 2016. http://sustainablemusic.blogspot.com/search/label/sustainability 

Carlos, Tu Recuerdo Y Yo- Jose Alfredo Jimenez, (Sony BMG, 2003) from Youtube, Album, 3:17, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUcDJ_H-jDU 

Panchofilo8, LOS PANCHOS (Julito Rodríguez) - OBSESIÓN - 1953, from Youtube, Film, 3:02, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sthX45uZqc4 

I also interviewed Azul Barrientos, the interview is found on a separate blog entry. 

The music I used was on:  https://soundcloud.com/azulbarrientos 

Pedro Flores, Azul Barrientos, "Obsesion" 2012. Soundcloud.

Jose Alfredo, Jimenez, "Tu Recuerdo Y Yo" 2012. Soundcloud.

Wednesday, November 2, 2016

Comparing "Iluman tityu" and "Me gusta la leche"

There are many similarites and diiferences in "Iluman tityu" and "Me gusta la leche". I will be discussing certain aspects of these musics using the 4 components of music culture.
I will begin by discussing the ideas about music. I found that in  "Iluman tityu" the composer specifically made this song in order to be remembered after he died. He believed that he could transcend death through his music. Another belief I found about music in these cultures is that no one owns a genre or at least this genre. These two cultures are in Ecuador for two very distinct reasons. The book Worlds of Music describes the culture of the Quicha as a culture that seemed to have been there for a very long time. The African Ecuadorians on the other hand were brought to Ecuador more recently for the purposes of slavery. Sanjuan was developed by the Quichua's but it is a fluid genre that is being realized differently by these two cultures. This genre belongs to no one and everyone. There are defiantly big differences in the history of the music culture as a began to discuss. The composer and performers of "Iluman tiyu" are from the Quichua culture. This is highly evident in the use of the native Quichua language. The performers of "Me gusta la leche" are from the African Ecuadorian tradition. One of the differences in aesthetics I found was the use of counterpoint by the requinto of the guitar in "Me gusta la leche". This simultaneous use of two melodies is a quality that the African Ecuadorians think is beautiful.

Activities involving music- I actually felt like the activities involving music were very similar for both groups they play music for entertainment purposes.  They did this either through weekend local performances or through the radio.This music is mainly dance music, so it is most likely played at parties and celebrations.

Repertories of music- One of the things that is similar about these two songs is that they are both under the genre of sanjuan.  It is a different style of sanjuan, but it's sanjuan. This implies certain elements that can be found in both of the songs like the 8 beat phrases, and the double-couplet structure of the text. There is also an emphasis of the A phrase found in both of the songs. One of the differences in style is that in "Iluman tityu" there is clear isorhythm and in "Me gusta la leche" there is not. The isorythum is hinted at in the similar rhythms found on certain beats. Another difference in style is that in "Me gusta la leche" syncopation is used.

Material culture of music- I found that there are similarities in that both songs use guitars, but the Quichua players used violin and kenas with a drum (that looks quite different from the drum the other group had). The African Ecuadorians on the other hand used a bomba (double headed drum) and a guiro.

Friday, October 28, 2016

Sustainability in China

There were many themes found in the blog entries that discussed actions the Chinese government is taking in order to sustain its music culture. One of the things that really struck me was finding out, in the oldest blog entry, that UNESCO could be playing a role in helping to keep the music of guquin zither alive by declaring it intangible cultural heritage. This declaration pressured China to keep this culture alive because China signed a treaty about this topic. I thought that the comment made by Titon speculating that cultural policy is being put into place in light of the Cultural Revolution was interesting. It made me wonder whether the Chinese government just recently reflected on mistakes made in the past and decided to join an organization like UNESCO as a way to make amends and reassure its citizens, and the world, that nothing like the Cultural Revolution would happen again. I was surprised to see that the Chinese government has been a part of UNESCO since 1946. I could be missing a certain aspect of the story, but I find it difficult to understand how a government that threatens traditional expressive culture can still be a part of an organization like UNESCO. However it may have been, the blog entry shed light on the idea that outside pressure and attention from organizations like UNESCO could have helped spread the popularity of the traditions found in China like guqin zither. It also could have, as Titon mentions, moved China to discover the importance of this tradition through the attention it is receiving. This information helped enrich my understanding of the outside forces that can affect the sustainability of a culture. I feel like there were more internal forms of sustainability mentioned in the book like using notation and looking at essays and books that a composer wrote to understand how to play a piece. It also discusses using standardized tuning and artists making new compositions combining certain aspects of traditional and Western culture. I feel like these actions are things that are being done by individuals close to the culture. This information in the blog helped me to understand that there could be a complex web being weaved in the background of sustaining a music culture.  
Actions taken by UNESCO and the government led to a more concrete realization of sustainability in the form of financial assistance. The orchestra found in the Qujiaying village that plays traditional funeral music received $2 million dollars for its village and culture. This is because, as I mentioned earlier, the Chinese government noticed the attention it was receiving. This money was, theoretically, all used to build a temple, museum, to pay for instruments, and to pay master musicians to teach a future generation. It is in these ways that the big picture Titon painted by mentioning UNESCO and the Cultural Revolution led to sustainability. 
I also thought it was interesting that the blog mentioned the use of notation to help the musicians stay as close to the original form as possible. This is a tool of sustainability that was directly connected to the reading. I also found it interesting that the the blog he wrote later seemed to emphasize the importance of a culture being relatively secluded in order to stay true to its roots. This makes sense but I feel like this idea can be contradictory with the idea mentioned earlier; that big organizations like UNESCO and interest from outside forces could actually help with sustainability. The issue brought up here is that the more attention a music culture receives the more it's being exposed to other cultures and with that changing.  

The UNESCO information: http://en.unesco.org/countries/china 

Wednesday, October 19, 2016

Titon’s Sustainabiltiy

Sustainability is a term that was a bit difficult for me to get my head around. I know from the blog and a definition I looked up, that it is the endurance of certain entities or processes. ( I was thinking of it more on an individual scale; in terms of making a living, which is connected, but it isn’t the end all of sustainability) I feel like one of the things about sustainability that remained consistent throughout the blog was the emphasis on keeping music (and other things that should be sustained) true to itself and its core.  I also think that he placed an emphasis on deemphasizing the importance of money or goods in relation to sustainability, which in many cases causes entities or processes to change what they were really made for. This idea was characterized in many examples like sustainable development and the notion that things don’t have to grow in order to remain afloat or functional. This was also emphasized when he mentioned "Why [the term] sustainable growth must be abandoned?” He specifically says that it should be abandoned so that people don’t confuse what is meant and essentially justify their continued spending or ecologically destructive patterns. He also mentioned anthropological economics which goes against neoclassical economics in saying that humans aren’t just  fueled by greed and individual desire, they are instead an “actor embedded in social and cultural thought of his society” (“Anthropological economics, Heritage, and musical sustainability”) people are fueled by the things their environments deem important. He continually mentioned caring about things and finding value in them for reasons outside of monetary or self-benefit. Doing things like actively participating in a music culture creates favorable attitudes for true sustainability.

One thing that I noticed changed in the way Titon was thinking about Sustainability is the way that he feels it should be approached. I noticed this in “Sustainability Unbound 2” when he mentions that he had been thinking about political action and sustainability in terms of cultural policy; which involves things like cultural partnership (another theme seen throughout the blog) and working directly with a community. He then says that Melissa Lane opened his eyes to the idea that traditional political action like voting could be used in partnership with sustainability. He realized that no cultural policy is possible without public approval and advocacy. 

Titon's Sustainable Music Blog: http://sustainablemusic.blogspot.com/search/label/sustainability 

Monday, October 10, 2016

Sarasiruha from different perspectives

           In order to better understand Sarasiruha I decided to look into the lyrics, which I found in the book. The lyrics are very devotional and are phrases that I would expect to hear in a song dedicated to worshipping a god. They are however a bit more lyrical and poetic than what I am used to. There is a lot of imagery used to praise Saraswati. I also noticed that this song is primarily focused on praising and describing. In Sarasiruha this is evident with lyrics like; ever merciful, feet as tender as sprouts, face as lovely as the autumn moon, and the only real plea that I read was “Save me who have taken refuge in you!”I also noticed an emphasis placed on praise in Devi Niye Tunai, which is a kriti that I am assuming can also be used in concert just as Sarasiruha was used. It does include a “protect me” at the beginning but most of the song is dedicated to how great Parvati is. I think it would be interesting to know whether there are some songs primarily intended for praise and they are included in the book because they are the most popular or if there are other classes of kriti used especially for pleas.
           I was curious after looking at the lyrics and listening to Ms. Ranganayaki perform this on her veena what the kriti actually sounds like with lyrics because the book makes a point of saying that most people listening to a concert know the lyrics of the song and they know how the song goes. If I didn’t have the book as a guide that informed me when the song began I’m not sure I would know because I have never heard the song before. I decided to look up the kriti on youtube and I found a few videos that demonstrated different things. There was one video of these young women performing this song on stage and counting the tala which was in 4+2+2 but they didn’t count their fingers, instead they tapped their palm on their knee 4 times and for the 2 beats they put the back of their hand and then their palm. After listening to the song it was pretty easy to identify the melody in the recording especially the melody that accompanies the word “Sarasiruha”. The girls were accompanied by a violin, flute, and drums. The flute was the melodic accompaniment and would echo what the girls sang and sometimes played the same melody they were singing.
             I also found a video with two sisters that didn’t appear to be in a concert environment. They had the drone in the background and that was it. They counted the tala the same way. I enjoyed this video because I got to hear what they were saying more clearly, and I got a better sense of the melisma’s and ornamentation on certain words. They sang the song differently than the other girls. It sounded like they added “Om ba” after the main melodic material or what sounds like the refrain or I was just better able to hear theirs.  I was also able to identify that the refrain is sang slightly different depending on the repeat. I thought it was very impressive that they sang all of the ornamentations exactly the same way. They were completely in sync with the swaras and the holding out of certain notes. I enjoyed their performance. I could better understand what Ms. Ranganayaki was doing to the kriti after hearing it sung clearly a few times. I also feel like I got a better idea of the precision described in the book when it comes to learning kriti. It says that although there are slightly different versions students are expected to learn the kriti exactly how the guru teaches it. 
I used: Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples